Silk Yarn Production Process

Raw materials

The main materials are silk fiber, Spools, cops, reels and cons.

Production Process

Hatching of eggs

Sericulture, or the raising of silkworms, involves the incubation of the tiny eggs of the silk worm moth until they hatch and becomes worms. After hatching, the worms are placed under a layer of gauze, on which is spread a layer of finely chopped mulberry leaves. For six weeks, the worms eat almost continuously. At the end of this period, they are ready to spin their cocoons, and branches of trees or shrubs are placed in their rearing houses.

Silk Production

The worms climb these branches and make their cocoons in one continuous thread, taking about eight days for the process. The amount of usable silk

Process Description of Clove Oil Making

Raw Materials

The essential oil content of clove buds, stem and leaves is on average 17%, 6% and 2.5%, respectively.

Water or steam distillations still are popular for the production of clove oil. The first method yields essential oil for perfumery and flavour purposes, and the oil contains 85 to 89% of eugenol. The second method, on the other hand, yields, strong oil, rich in eugenol (91-95% by volume).

Before distillation, the clove buds are milled and must be distilled immediately, to prevent loss of oil by evaporation.

The steam produced in a boiler is introduced into a vessel which contains the buds and water. The buds are located on a grid placed at a certain distance above the level of the water which fills the bottom of the vessel. The water is vaporized indirectly, by steam flowing in a pipe coil submerged by the water. The water vapor plus the distilled oil coming from the evaporator vessel is recovered in a separate water cooled condenser. This mixture flowing out of the condenser is separated by decantation in a Florentine flask, in which two fractions, one lighter, the other heavier, than water are separated. The two fractions must be remixed after water is decanted.

The distillate water should be redistilled to recover all the dissolved oil extracted from the clove by distillation. This process is called cohabation. Finally, the clove oil is packed and dispatched for sales.

Clove oil processing does not cause environmental pollution. The residues of buds after distillation can be dried and used as fuels and their ashes can be used as fertilizers. The water waste after being separated perfectly from the oil does not damage the environment.

Major Equipments

1. Evaporator vessels
2. Condenser (water cooled)
3. Florentine flask
4. Pumps
5. Cooling tower
6. Submersible pump
7. Boiler system Grinding unit

Citric acid production process

Citric acid can be extracted from the juice of citrus fruits, by fermentation of glucose with the aid of the mold Aspergillus niger and synthetically from acetone or glycerol. 

 

Today, essentially all of the commercial citric acid is produced by fermentation. Processes employed are surface or submerged fermentation by mold (Aspergillus niger) and submerged fermentation by yeast