Wood cement board commonly known as panel board agglomerated with cement has been developed as building element for prefabricated houses, particularly suitable for the implementation of low cost housing programs. Major raw materials are wooden frame, sand, cement, wood flakes or fiber(wood waste) , water and a foaming agent.
Showing posts with label construction. Show all posts
Showing posts with label construction. Show all posts
Gabion - mesh wire - making process
Gabion is a large rectangular box of netted wire (mesh) used in civil engineering works. Gabion has long been used as a transition method of construction and engineering for protecting river banks from erosion, for hardening the shoulder of roads and the face of slopes to prevent landslide. Gabion is also used for the foundation of water reservoirs.
The plant itself is a simple one. The most important things are power to move the machineries and transporting the heavy raw materials and products.
Galvanized iron wire is set on an automatic wire netting machine and knitted into diamond shaped wire netting. In order to shape the wire netting into the designated tubular form or rectangular cube form, the backbone framework is made. This backbone framework is
shawl, veil and mantilla making
A shawl is a simple item of clothing, loosely worn over the shoulders, upper body and arms, sometimes also over the head. It is usually a rectangular or square piece of cloth, often folded to make a triangle, but can also be triangular in shape at the beginning. Other shapes include oblong shawls.
Shawls are used in order to keep warm, to complement a costume, and for symbolic reasons. Today, shawls are worn for added warmth (and fashion) at outdoor or indoor evening affairs where the temperature is warm enough for men in wool suits but for women are dresses and where a jacket might be inappropriate.
A veil is
Production of cotter and cotter pins
A cotter pin is a metal fastener with two tines that are bent during installation, similar to a style or rivet once inserted, the two ends of the pin are best apart locking it in place. In order to facilitate the initial separation of the tines, one tine of the cotter pin is often noticeably longer than the other. Cotters and cotter pins are widely used to fix bicycle pedal creaks to their shifts and to secure some other fasteners.
Raw material
Mild steel wire is the major raw material for the manufacture of cotter and cotter pin
The mild steel rod is straightened and cut to the size on machine. It is turned on lather and a groove made on milling machine. There after it is threaded at one end on thread
Clay Tiles Production Process
Production of roofing tiles with locally available clay could reduce the cost of houses construction. Although the product is relatively new to the market, it is gaining wide acceptance in a short period of time.
Raw materials
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The raw clay is exposed to the weather for about a year. This will improve the plasticity of the clay. The weathered clay is then cut and fed
Steel Profile Production Process
The principal raw materials and consumables required for the manufacture of steel profiles are steel billets, rail & plate spares (billets), furnace oil, tools and spares.
The steel billets are heated in a furnace at around 1,2000c. White hot billets are rolled to desired dimension in rolling mills. After rolling, the materials are shifted in a stockyard for dispatch.
Physical and chemical tests are carried out on the rolled products in order to ascertain that they are manufactured according to specifications.
The chemical tests are mainly carried out for confirmation of the composition and
How to make Piston for internal combustion engines
The production of piston passes through the following successive process steps:
The process starts by heating the material to 700 degrees Celsius. This is well above the melting point of the aluminum, but below its boiling point. The material is then scooped up with a ladle from the crucible (the pot that holds the molten material). This is then poured into the die through the sprue. The material is then allowed to cool before it is removed from the die and placed into a bin of hot water. This water is used to facilitate a more even settling of the hot metal.
After the castings have had time to cool they are placed into a heat treatment plant overnight. This process tempers the casting and ensures the piston will have improved qualities.
After it is removed from the heat treatment the casting has its runner removed.
This process takes little time and is fully automated.
Pin Boring
At this stage of the piston manufacturing process the casting has the gudgeon pin hole rough machined and the locating bung machined.
The bung
This process is where the casting is machined on the base to allow placement of the casting in other machines. This is carried out on a simple lathe.
This process is where the casting is machined on the base to allow placement of the casting in other machines. This is carried out on a simple lathe.
The pin bore
Pin boring is done in conjunction with the bung turning, as one casting is removed from having the bung face machined it is placed on the pin borer. The pin borer is only a rough machining process which allows the reamer to enter the gudgeon hole later.
Pin boring is done in conjunction with the bung turning, as one casting is removed from having the bung face machined it is placed on the pin borer. The pin borer is only a rough machining process which allows the reamer to enter the gudgeon hole later.
b) CNC Turning
Turning of the casting is carried out on CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machinery. This equipment is the most accurate and fastest available for this application with very tight tolerances and extremely fast spindle speeds.
The castings are placed in the lathe on a bung and held in place by a solid rod through the gudgeon pin hole. A draw bolt is activated in the chuck which draws the rod toward the chuck and holds the piston in place. The lathe is then started and the machining cycle begun. This cycle is programmed into the lathe in a basic language called G-Code (this code is not the only one available). G-Code has basic commands to tell the lathe to move to certain positions (X,Y,Z co-ordinates), at particular spindle speeds (eg S2500 means spindle speed 2500rpm), at particular feed rates (eg G01; rapid traverse) and other commands such as M01 (repeat programme) and others.
As you can see this is a simple system to learn and implement.
After the piston is machined it is removed from the lathe and the part number stamped on the crown (top) of the piston. The piston is now ready for the finishing processes.
As you can see this is a simple system to learn and implement.
After the piston is machined it is removed from the lathe and the part number stamped on the crown (top) of the piston. The piston is now ready for the finishing processes.
c) Drilling
The first stages of the finishing process include drilling, slotting, valve and crank relieving.
- Drilling
Drilling includes all oil holes in places such as the gudgeon pin bosses and oil ring grooves.
- Slotting
Slotting is where slots are placed in the skirt or in the oil ring groove.
- Valve relieving
This process is done on a mill and involves setting the machine up for the process, choosing the correct cutter and completing the job. Since there are so many different types of valve relief it is impossible to have a specialized machine set up to do one job.
- Crank relieving
Crank relieving is carried out on a specialized machine which scallops the skirt of the piston to the required shape and depth by using two opposed cutters placed on a common shaft.
d) Grinding
This process involves the final size being machined on the piston. The grinder machines the skirt of the piston only and in the majority of cases is cam ground. Cam grinding ensures the piston will “grow” evenly in the bore of the engine. A perfectly round piston will expand unevenly during use because of the uneven placement of material in the casting (gudgeon pin bosses and ribbing used for strengthening).
e) Reaming
The final machining process for the piston is that of reaming. This process involves the piston being placed in a bath of oil and reamed at different sizes to reach the final size required. Since the pin boring process is only rough it is necessary to ream the pin bore a number of times to achieve the surface finish and size required. Reaming is not a fast process and is only partially automated (there are automatic feeds on the reaming machines). Tolerances achieved on the finished reamed surface are 0.4Ra.
f) Pin Fitting and Final Inspection
At this stage the piston is cleaned, fitted with the appropriate gudgeon pin, stamped with the pistons' oversize and any other markings, and then sent to dispatch.
g) Dispatch
Finally, the piston is wrapped and sent to the customer.
The technological process used to produce pistons does not have negative impact on the environment.
Hats and Head Gears production process
Raw Materials
The main raw materials of hat and other headgears production plant are woolen fabrics, HDPE, fiber glass, etc.
The production process of hats and other head gears plant involves the following major manufacturing operations.
A-Production Process of Hat
- First, the hair tip is cut
Abrasive Cloth Making Process
Raw Materials
· Aluminum Oxide
· Silicon Carbide
· Treated Cloth
· Phenol formaldehyde resin
· Other inputs (Glue, ink, etc)
Production starts when the make coat is applied to one side of the backing material. The abrasive grains are then applied using an electrostatic deposition process, in which the grains are given an electric charge. Finally, another layer of adhesive-the size coat-is applied.
The next step, applying the abrasive mineral, is the most important in the manufacturing process because it determines the orientation and density of the mineral. The backing is passed, adhesive side down, over a pan of abrasives that have been electro-statically charged-given an electric charge opposite to the backing. The opposite charge causes
Production Process of Mini Cement Plant
The technology of cement production involves several unit operations, and are complex to enumerate. However, the major unit operations are the following:-
- Preparation of raw mix
• Quarrying, crushing and transportation
• Proportioning of the ingredients
• Grinding of raw mix
- Calcinations and storage
• Homogenizing of raw mix
• Burning of raw mix in vertical shaft kiln and storing of clinker
- Production of cement
• Grinding of clinker and gypsum (96/4%)
• Packing of cement
Raw Materials
The major raw materials required for the production of cement are limestone, clay, sandstone, gypsum and pumice.
The dry process of cement production is employed here although
Granite Cutting Process Description
Dimension stone is the collective description of natural stone, which has been extracted from the earth in an orderly manner, further worked by cutting and processing, then used in various building activities either structurally or for decorative purposes. It includes panels and tiles from marble, granite, slate, sandstone basalt and other related materials
The successful and economical working of granite quarries depends upon an intelligent application of a knowledge of the structure of the rock and its natural divisions in the mass, as well as upon improved methods, tools, and machinery for quarrying. The topographical location of the quarry and its relation to facilities for transportation are important factors that affect the productiveness and greatly modify the actual cost of operations in a given place.
The manufacturing process of granite blocks and slabs involves the following operations: quarry opening; blasting; cutting; polishing and ornamenting.
Quarrying for dimension stone requires a specialized method of extraction. Normal
Production of Carbon Brush
Carbon brush is a block of carbon in an engine or generator that conveys current between the moving and the stationary parts. Carbon brushes are used in automobile motor starters, generators, distributors, etc. It is a product which is replaced frequently. It is composed of carbon or graphite with or without metal.
The major operations involved in the production of carbon brush include:
- Shearing
- Finishing
- Assembling
- Testing
The carbon block imported from abroad is cut into the required sizes. Circular saw is used for this purpose. The finishing work is carried out by sanding and finishing machine. The copper flexible wire, the copper and brush sheets are all prepared to the required specifications so as to fit to the grade and appropriate characteristics of the carbon brush.
The requirement of carbon brushes are good conducting, high contact resistance (on commutators and slip rings), low coefficient of friction, and high durability.
The copper flexible wire and copper and brush sheet are materials required to prepare the brush holding unit. After the carbon brush is manufactured conductivity testing is carried out by means of a bridge tester.
The strength of the carbon brush is also measured by strength testing machine. Having completed the manufacturing and final tests of the carbon brush, the product is labeled and packed for market.
Main Materials and Equipments
Main Materials and Equipments
- Circular saw
- Bench drill (3/4 inches capacity)
- Sanding and finishing m/c
- Ball press
- Conductivity bridge (for testing)
- Strength testing m/c
- Dies and fixtures
The production process of carbon brush has no adverse impact on environment since the solid wastes that could be regenerated in the production process are recyclable.
Veneer Sheet Manufacturing process flow
Two major operations are involved in the production of veneer sheets.
These are:-
a) Preparation of logs.
b) Veneer manufacturing.
a) Preparation of Logs
This involves two unit operations, namely: cutting of logs and cooking or steaming of logs. Logs stored in a pond are conveyed to the factory yard and are cut by the chain saw to the desired length for feeding to the veneer lathe or to the length of the veneer sheets to be produced. In the operation of cooking or steaming high-density logs are pre-treated by cooking vats or steam chambers because they are hard and frequently too resinous to permit fresh cutting.
b) Veneer manufacturing
This process involves the following unit operations:
1) Veneer cutting
2) Green veneer clipping
3) Veneer drying
4) Veneer preparation
1) Veneer cutting - The method of rotary cutting is used to produce veneer sheets.
In automated mills, log chargers with log centering devices are usually installed for speedily, automatic feeding of log to the veneer lathe. As the log is centered by the centering device before feeding, it can immediately be fixed on the spindles of the veneer lathe and peeled in an endless sheet by utilization veneer reeling and un reeling machines. The speed of cutting and reeling is fully synchronized. Full reels are so stored on the deck of the system. The “edge-grain” veneer” is then cut by the veneer slicer, which slices across the grain of the log.
2) Green Veneer Clipping: - The sheet of green veneer peeled by the veneer lathe is cut by veneer clipper (automatic or manual) into the desired dimensions. Full rolls of the reeling machine are transferred to the unreeling unit, and the veneer is unrolled and cut by the veneer clipper.
3) Veneer Drying: - In order to ensure the maximum bonding effect of adhesive, veneer sheets must be dried adequately before gluing them together. The moisture content of veneer sheets is the most important factor in gluing. There are two types of veneer dryers, - namely roller and continuous veneer dryers.
4) Veneer Preparation:- Narrow strips of veneer are joined together into full size by the following methods.
Veneer Jointing - The edges of veneer sheets are cut straight for precise jointing. The Arisun Clipper or the veneer guillotine jointer is used for this purpose.
Veneer Taping - The veneer taping machine is used to join the veneer edge to edge to prescribed dimensions.
Veneer Edge Gluing – The veneer edge gluer is used for continuous glue – coating and splicing of the edges of veneer pieces which are carried with the grain at right angle to the direction of the feeding, automatically cutting the veneer to the desired length. Thermo-setting or thermo-plastic glue can be used with this machine. The veneer splicer is used to join the edges of veneer with glue instead of tape and is suitable for both back and core veneer sheets. The veneer sheets thus produced are packed and ready for market.
The technological process has no any adverse environmental impact.
Gemstone production process
The process generally is grading, cutting and polishing of gemstones that will be obtained from the land to be leased for this purpose. That is, first the roughs come in small rhyolite geodes filled with opal. Then the individual raw stone is examined (graded) and cut into smaller stones along its major line of fracture and inclusions. The smaller pieces are then mounted on cutting tools, which are then faceted on faceting machines. The final operation involves polishing of the faceted stones. Polished stones are then delivered to the customers or sold to the market.
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