Cleaning: - removes foreign objects, such as hey, straw, stone, tree stump, and snail shell, from the paddy and prevents dust from getting mixed in the whitened rice for the enhancement of the value of rice flour as well as to prevent malfunctioning of the following process due to the mixing of dust.
Black and green tea processing
There is a misconception that the different types of tea come from different tea plant. Black, Green and Oolong teas are all derived from the camellia sinensis evergreen plant.
The difference comes from how the plant is processed. The common processing unit operations are:
a) WITHERING
b) ROLLING
c) OXIDATION
d) DRYING OR FIRING
Learn how to read piping and Instrumentation Diagrams:
Five part video session showing how to interpret PiD
Series: Part one «
Series: Part two «
Series: Part three«
Series: part four «
Series: Part five«
Series: Part one «
Series: Part two «
Series: Part three«
Series: part four «
Series: Part five«
Mono Ethylene Glycol(MEG) regeneration process flow sheet
The rich glycol from the cold separators enters the reflux coils above the packing in the still columns of the ethylene glycol Re-boilers, where self refluxing occurs. The rich glycol is then passed through integral lean / rich glycol coils in the surge tank section of the Ethylene Glycol Re-boilers. After being preheated by the lean Ethylene Glycol in the accumulator, the rich glycol stream flows to the Glycol Flash tanks where any free gases that exist are flashed off and sent to flare. Any liquid Hydrocarbon that have been carried over to the flash tank is also removed utilizing the Hydrocarbon skimmer connection.
Natural gas processing with flow chart
Raw natural gas is composed of several gases. The main component is methane. Other components include ethane, propane, butane, and many other combustible hydrocarbons. Raw natural gas may also contain water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium.
During processing, many of these components may be removed. Some such as ethane, propane and butane are completely removed processed and transported by TPDC loading ships. Other components such as water vapor and carbon dioxide are removed to improve the quality of the natural gas so as to make it easier to move the gas over great distances through pipelines.
The manufacturing process:
The methods used to extract, process, transport, store, and distribute natural gas depend on the location and composition of the raw gas and the location and application of the gas by the end users . Here is the flow sheet of typical natural gas plant.
Amine gas treatment process with flow sheet
Amine treating plants remove CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2S (hydrogen sulfide) from natural gas.
Flow sheet of Amine treatment ( drawn by RFF software)
Download the software flow sheet software
Amine Gas Sweetening Process
- Sour gas enters the contactor tower and rises through the descending amine.
- Purified gas flows from the top of the tower.
Pharmaceutical formulation process
The manufacturing processes of drugs differ on the basis of their sources of origin or medium use. Different approaches of formulations and manufacturing are used for different groups of drugs.
Petrochemical chain-Phenol Production
Bisphenol-A is an important raw material for epoxy resin and polycarbonate. It is produced from acetone and phenol. Shown below is the petrochemical chain in Bisphenol-A production. Here are the links to epoxy resin production, polycarbonate production and Cumene production.
Fig. Petrochemical chain-Bisphenol production
How to make excercise books
The production process begins by conveying an endless ribbon of paper via unwinding unit into a printing and ruling machine. The paper is lined there, if necessary, according to the use (as writing or as an arithmetic book). Then the endless ribbon is cut into sheet layers by means of a rotary cross cutter, according to the width of the envisaged book. These sheet layers are counted and stacked.
Cumene production process flow sheet
Propylene supplied needs to be separated from Butane and Butene in a debutanizer column to obtain a pure propylene.
Alkylation of benzene with propylene takes place in Alkylation reactors. Benzene must be recycled to
Alkyd Resin production process Updated
Process description
Alkyd resin can be manufactured by four different processes, solvent process being the main commercial process which starts by adding all the raw materials in reaction kettle and the agitation of the same is continued then, inert gas is sparged through the spare line. The vapour are condensed and recycled back to the kettle.
The reacted mass is dropped into a jacketed tank, containing the desired solvent. The cooled resin solution after thinning is filtered in filter press and sludge is removed. It is lastly tested,
Gem stone production process
Raw Materials
The main raw materials are raw gem stones and Oxides such as Tin Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, Curium Oxide and Chrome Oxide. The process generally is grading, cutting and polishing of gemstones that will be obtained from the land to be leased for this purpose. That is, first the roughs come in small rhyolite geodes filled with opal. Then the individual raw stone is
How to make egg tray from waste paper
This post is one in a series of posts on paper like how to make re-pulped paper, paper from straw and small scale paper.
Raw Materials
To make egg trays from waste paper, the following materials are required. Waste paper, caustic soda and other fibrous materials are the main raw materials.
The waste paper is beaten with a stick and any dust and other undesired materials are removed. Then the waste paper is cut in to pieces using a cutting machine which can be operated either manually or electrically.
The cut pieces are transferred to a beater and water is added and then the beater is set in
Sulfuric acid production process flow sheet
The catalytic reaction generates a lot of heat and is reversible. The catalyst tower is, therefore, arranged with
Corn flakes production process
The milling process removes the corn kernels from the cobs and turns them into flaking sized 'grits'. Malted barley can be added to enhance the flavor of the Corn Flakes. The corn grits are cooked in steam pressure cookers, at temperatures exceeding 100C. This cooking process lasts for an hour and softens the hard grits. During cooking additional water is incorporated in the form of steam which condenses and the water content in the batch rises to 30-35%. Then the hot grits are transported from the cookers to large driers via the network of pipes. The grits spend several hours in the hot-air driers in order to reduce their moisture content. The corn grits are milled using rollers, which squeeze the grits flat.
Corn flakes production video
The flakes are then tumble toasted in huge cylindrical ovens. The air in the ovens is heated by 600C0
Surgical Dressing making process
Surgical dressings
are used for covering wounds, burns as well as to prevent infection, and
enhance the building of delicate tissues by protecting the wound from further
injury during healing.
Basically the production process involves manufacturing of cotton fabrics by knitting and then producing of swabs from the knit material. The detail presentation of the process is presented as follows:
Basically the production process involves manufacturing of cotton fabrics by knitting and then producing of swabs from the knit material. The detail presentation of the process is presented as follows:
Knitting
This is the process of making textile fabrics for the swabs by
looping fine spun yarn of cotton on the knitting machine. One complete turn of
the yarn over the needle is called a stitch. The width of the fabric varies
with the stitch length. The fabric is
drawn down by an infinitely variable take down unit and is then wound onto a
roll of up to 500 mm in diameter. This fabric is
Confectionery production process
The production process of producing a good quality candy involves the following. First of all sugar, glucose syrup are dissolved in water and boiled to 145C0. Then color is added and the boiling process continues until the temperature reaches 150C0. The boiling sugar syrup is then poured immediately on an oiled slab. After a little cooling, citric acid, flavor and color are quickly kneaded into the whole mass. The material is fed into a roller machine to obtain boiled sugar drops which are packed in plastic films after sprinkling starch.
PVC production process flow sheet
The production process is a simple polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). The upstream process which would normally involve production and subsequent chlorinating of ethanol to produce vinyl chloride is not included.
Toilet paper production process
Broadly speaking, there are two methods for processing waste paper, namely, continuous and batch systems. The batch process is recommended for this plant for the daily production capacity of the mill is very small.
The manufacturing process begins when waste paper is moved up to the sorting yard above the digester by elevator. The sorted waste paper is fed into the global digester. Simultaneously with the feeding, sodium sulphite, soda ash, etc. are sprinkled thoroughly over the waste paper. After stuffing of the digester has been completed, the gut for the digester is tightly closed. Steam is blown into the digester as it is rotated.
The next step is the charging of the material into the blow poacher. Circulation is performed
Spices production process (dry grinding)
Spices can be ground with two different methods: dry grinding and wet grinding. The process in dry grinding follows cleaning, sun-drying, pulverizing, screening and packaging steps. In wet grinding the process is cleaning, wet grinding, screening, spray drying and packaging.
The process of dry grinding is very simple which starts from the procurement of whole spices sent to the grinding process where mixing is also carried out. Mixed spices are stored in tanks or large sized tumblers from where it is shifted to the packaging machines to be converted into desired packet sizes.
The process of dry grinding is very simple which starts from the procurement of whole spices sent to the grinding process where mixing is also carried out. Mixed spices are stored in tanks or large sized tumblers from where it is shifted to the packaging machines to be converted into desired packet sizes.
Unlike a manufacturing concern, a spices business has a very basic process flow diagram
Gabion - mesh wire - making process
Gabion is a large rectangular box of netted wire (mesh) used in civil engineering works. Gabion has long been used as a transition method of construction and engineering for protecting river banks from erosion, for hardening the shoulder of roads and the face of slopes to prevent landslide. Gabion is also used for the foundation of water reservoirs.
The plant itself is a simple one. The most important things are power to move the machineries and transporting the heavy raw materials and products.
Galvanized iron wire is set on an automatic wire netting machine and knitted into diamond shaped wire netting. In order to shape the wire netting into the designated tubular form or rectangular cube form, the backbone framework is made. This backbone framework is
High purity polycarbonate production process flow sheet
The flow chart of high purity polycarbonate production process shows critical steps.
More on polycarbonate production process
http://www.icis.com/v2/chemicals/9076147/polycarbonate/process.html
Top 10 tips on polycarbonate processing
http://www.plasticsmachining.com/magazine/2001-11/pp-poly.html
More on polycarbonate production process
http://www.icis.com/v2/chemicals/9076147/polycarbonate/process.html
Top 10 tips on polycarbonate processing
http://www.plasticsmachining.com/magazine/2001-11/pp-poly.html
Electrocoating paint processing flow sheet
Electrocoating is a wet paint process used on many parts of products because of its unique ability to resist chipping, scratching, rusting, UV, and the like. The electrocoat paint covers and protects the entire part or product so that even corners, edges and recessed areas are completely protected.
More http://www.electrocoat.org/guide/consumers.html
Electrocoating http://www.p2sustainabilitylibrary.mil/p2_opportunity_handbook/1_9.html
Edible oil refinery process flow sheet
First process is neutralizing the oil in the neutralizer to remove the Free Fatty Acids (FFA) by adding caustic soda. Then soap stock formed due to chemical reaction is separated from the oil in centrifuge.
Neutralized oil is drawn into the second vessel called bleacher where colour of oil is removed by bleaching process with aid of clay or chemicals such as carbon black and bleaching earth. Oil is generally heated up to 110°C by
Floor Coverings and mat of VULCANIZED RUBBER
Introduction
Floor coverings and mat of vulcanized rubber are flat colored and patterned piece of material used to cover floors of houses and automobiles. Since they are washable with water and durable in comparison to other type of floor coverings, they are widely utilized for covering the floors of automobiles.
Raw materials
The major raw & auxiliary materials for the production of floor covering and mat of vulcanized rubber are natural and synthetic rubber, carbon black, process oil, whitening powder, zinc oxide, stearic acid, anti oxidant, normal sulfur and accelerator.
Process Production
The manufacturing process of floor coverings and mat of vulcanized rubber can be broadly be classified into three stages, mixing, building and vulcanizing process.
Rubber is mixed with other ingredients
Vodka production process
Production Process
Different vodka manufacturers employ several variations to the vodka manufacturing operation; however the basic vodka manufacturing process is pretty simple and presented as follows:
Mash preparation
The grain for example in the form of wheat or vegetables is put inside a mash tub. The tub is very similar to a washing machine. While the tub rotates it breaks down the grains. Ground malt is
Silk Yarn Production Process
Raw materials
The main materials are silk fiber, Spools, cops, reels and cons.
Production Process
Hatching of eggs
Sericulture, or the raising of silkworms, involves the incubation of the tiny eggs of the silk worm moth until they hatch and becomes worms. After hatching, the worms are placed under a layer of gauze, on which is spread a layer of finely chopped mulberry leaves. For six weeks, the worms eat almost continuously. At the end of this period, they are ready to spin their cocoons, and branches of trees or shrubs are placed in their rearing houses.
Silk Production
The worms climb these branches and make their cocoons in one continuous thread, taking about eight days for the process. The amount of usable silk
Recycled plastics making process
Recycling plastics
It involves the following major operations:
o Granulation
o Washing
o Drying
o Extrusion and pelletizing
o Packing
Alternative Plastic recycling technology:
Mechanical recycling
Mechanical recycling of plastics refers to processes which involve the melting, shredding or granulation of waste plastics. Plastics must be sorted prior to mechanical recycling. Technology is being introduced to sort plastics automatically, using various techniques such as X-ray fluorescence, infrared and near infrared spectroscopy, electrostatics and flotation. Following sorting, the plastic is either melted down directly and molded into a new shape, or melted down after being shredded into flakes and then processed into granules called re-granulate.
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Polyester Production Process
High purity polycarbonate production process flow sheet
Epoxy resin manufacturing process with flow chart
Plastic Buttons Making Process
Soft drinks production process flow chart
The major raw materials required for production of carbonated beverage are sugar, concentrates, carbon dioxide and water.
Sugar is delivered either in hopper cars with pneumatic discharge or in bags. For reasons of micro-biological stabilization, the sugar syrup is produced in a hot dissolving process. The sugar is admixed by
Sugar is delivered either in hopper cars with pneumatic discharge or in bags. For reasons of micro-biological stabilization, the sugar syrup is produced in a hot dissolving process. The sugar is admixed by
Paper tubes, spools and drums making process
Paper tubes or cones, spools and drums are widely used as packages, shipping containers and component parts. These products are commonly used in the textile factories for winding threads and yarns as well as to form rolls of woven cloth or fabric (which in the later case the paper tubes are usually called bobbins). Also paper tubes are needed in plastic factories that produce poly films, sheets and woven fabrics. Paper factories as well require paper tubes for winding products such as toilet tissues and related items.
Kraft paper reel is unwounded and punched out into fan shape for paper cones and rectangular shape for paper tubes. After beveling and
Rubber threads and chords making process
Rubber threads and chords are primarily used to manufacture various types of elastic tapes mainly for foundation garments like briefs, trunks and panties. They are also used in elastic types for shorts, skirts, sportswear, sock tops, shoe uppers, head bands and wrist bands for sportsmen and travel goods.
The raw and auxiliary materials of the project are natural rubber latex (60%), potassium oleate,
shawl, veil and mantilla making
A shawl is a simple item of clothing, loosely worn over the shoulders, upper body and arms, sometimes also over the head. It is usually a rectangular or square piece of cloth, often folded to make a triangle, but can also be triangular in shape at the beginning. Other shapes include oblong shawls.
Shawls are used in order to keep warm, to complement a costume, and for symbolic reasons. Today, shawls are worn for added warmth (and fashion) at outdoor or indoor evening affairs where the temperature is warm enough for men in wool suits but for women are dresses and where a jacket might be inappropriate.
A veil is
Cotton and synthetic knitted hose: Production Process
The major raw materials used in the production of cotton and synthetic hose are synthetic and cotton yarn .
The yarn (cotton and synthetic) is purchased directly from the market and wound up on reels in the form of warping beam by winding machine. Then it is placed on a circular knitting machine and the fabric is knitted. |It is then drawn up wards, the wound on a roller. The hoses are finally coiled/spooled by coiling machine, in standard lengths and packed up and dispatch. The only waste of the process is rags which can be used for the production of pillows and mattress as a result the process is environmentally friendly.
Some equipment: a circular loom for weaving hoses Winding machine Coiling machine
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